MANDALSIR

  Chapter-12 BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION Biotechnology is making Genetically modified organisms-microbes, plants, animals for industrial production of Bio-Pharmaceuticals and other useful products.  Applications – i) Diagnostic & therapeutic ii) Genetically modified crops iii) Waste treatment iv) Energy production v) Food processing vi) Bioremediation Research areas-i) i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. (ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act, and (iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound. Three options that can be thought for increasing food production (i) agro-chemical based agriculture ii) organic agriculture; and (iii) genetically engineered crop-based agriculture. Application in agriculture: Genetically modified organisms (GMO)-Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals. whose genes are altered by manipulation. Transgenic crops(GMO) -

Porifera: They have pores(ostia) ,Central body cavity spongocoel ,Water going out through osculum Some live in fresh water or the ocean -Non-motile, -Asymmetrical -Diploblastic containing 2 germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm -Have collar cells (choanocytes) -Reproduce sexually and asexually ,hermaphrodite -Possess spicule - make up the skeleton Multicellular ,Cell level organization ,Digestion intracellular : Fertilization-internal ,development-indirect through larval stage larva distinct from adult     Coelenterata (Cnidaria) marine sessile or free swimming, diploblastic     Radial symmetry –Diploblastic middle layer mesoglea *Possess stinging cells (nematocysts)-anchorage defence capture Possess alternations of generations---> sexual ---> asexual ---> sexual ---> asexual---> & continues. Occurs in all classes except in class Anthozoa Asexual= attached -->polyp (non-motile)    -Sexual= free swimming ---> medusa -Extracellular digestion Tis